Revision Notes on Squares and Square Roots
Square
When a number is multiplied by itself than obtain number is called square of that number.
Ex- ‘x’ is multiplied by itself = x × x = x2, hence x2 is square of x.
NOTE: – Symbol of square = (….)2 that is x2 = x × x
Square of 1= (1)2 = 1 ×1 = 1
Square of 2= (2)2 = 2×2 = 4
Square of 3= (3)2 = 3 ×3 = 9
Perfect Square numbers
Those natural numbers which are the square of natural numbers are called perfect square numbers.
Ex- 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81 …………. are perfect square number because it is square of natural number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ………… respectively.
Properties of Perfect Squares of numbers
- A perfect square number is always expressible as the product of pairs of equal factors.
- Square of zero is zero but square of nun zero number is positive number.
- If number of digits in a number is ‘n’ then number of digits in it’s square number is ‘2n’ OR ‘ 2n-1’
- Unit digit of a square number-
|
Unit digit of number |
1 or 9 |
2 or 8 |
3 or 7 |
4 or 6 |
5 |
0 |
|
Unit digit of square number |
1 |
4 |
9 |
6 |
5 |
0 |
|
Ex- |
12 = 1 92 = 81 |
22 = 4 82 = 64 |
32 = 9 72 = 49 |
42 = 16 62 = 36 |
52 = 25
|
102 = 100
|
Some of the Square Numbers
Properties of Square Numbers
- The square numbers are ending with 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9 only.
- Non-square number is ending with 2, 3, 7 or 8.
- Any number having 1 or 9 in its one’s place will always have a square ending with 1.
|
Number |
1 |
9 |
11 |
19 |
21 |
|
Square No. |
1 |
81 |
121 |
361 |
441 |
- Any number which has 4 or 6 in its unit’s place, its square will always end with 6.
|
Number |
4 |
16 |
24 |
36 |
44 |
|
Square No. |
16 |
256 |
576 |
1296 |
1936 |
- Square of even number is always even number
|
22 = 4 |
42 = 16 |
62 = 36 |
82 = 64 |
- Square of odd number = odd number
|
12 = 4 |
32 = 9 |
52 = 25 |
72 = 49 |
- The positive different of square of two consecutive natural number is equal to sum of that numbers.
Ex 72 – 62 = 7 + 6 = 13 because a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b) that is 72 – 62 = (7 + 6) (7-6) = 13×1=13
- Square of any natural number except one is multiple of ‘3’ or more than one from multiple of 3 or multiple of ‘4’ or more than one from multiple of 4.
Ex-22 = 4 = 3×1+1 OR 4×1, 32 = 9 = 3×3 OR 4×2 + 1, 42 = 16 = 3×5+1 OR 4×4
|
Number |
10 |
50 |
100 |
150 |
400 |
|
Square No. |
100 |
2500 |
1000 |
22500 |
160000 |
Some More Interesting Patterns
1. Adding Triangular Numbers
If we could arrange the dotted pattern of the numbers in a triangular form then these numbers are called Triangular Numbers. If we add two consecutive triangular numbers then we can get the square number.
2. Numbers between Square Numbers
If we take two consecutive numbers n and n + 1, then there will be (2n) non-perfect square numbers between their square’s numbers.
Example
Let’s take n = 5 and 52 = 25
n + 1 = 5 + 1 = 6 and 62 = 36
2n = 2(5) = 10
There must be 10 numbers between 25 and 36.
The numbers are 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35.
3. Adding Odd Numbers
Sum of first n natural odd numbers is n2.
Any square number must be the sum of consecutive odd numbers starting from 1.
And if any natural number which is not a sum of successive odd natural numbers starting with 1, then it will not be a perfect square.
4. A Sum of Consecutive Natural Numbers
Every square number is the summation of two consecutive positive natural numbers.
If we are finding the square of n the to find the two consecutive natural numbers we can use the formula
Example
52 = 25
12 + 13 = 25
Likewise, you can check for other numbers like
112 = 121 = 60 + 61
5. The Product of Two Consecutive Even or Odd Natural Numbers
If we have two consecutive odd or even numbers (a + 1) and (a -1) then their product will be (a2– 1)
Example
Let take two consecutive odd numbers 21 and 23.
21 × 23 = (20 – 1) × (20 + 1) = 202 – 1
6. Some More Interesting Patterns about Square Numbers
Finding the Square of a Number
To find the square of any number we needed to divide the number into two parts then we can solve it easily.
If number is ‘x’ then x = (p + q) and x2 = (p + q)2
You can also use the formula (p + q)2 = p2 + 2pq + q2
Example
Find the square of 53.
Solution:
Divide the number in two parts.
53 = 50 + 3
532 = (50 + 3)2
= (50 + 3) (50 + 3)
= 50(50 + 3) +3(50 + 3)
= 2500 + 150 + 150 + 9
= 2809
1. Other pattern for the number ending with 5
For numbers ending with 5 we can use the pattern
(a5)2 = a × (a + 1)100 + 25
Example
252 = 625 = (2 × 3) 100 + 25
452 = 2025 = (4 × 5) 100 + 25
952 = 9025 = (9 × 10) 100 + 25
1252 = 15625 = (12 × 13) 100 + 25
2. Pythagorean Triplets
If the sum of two square numbers is also a square number, then these three numbers form a Pythagorean triplet.
For any natural number p >1, we have (2p) 2 + (p2 -1)2 = (p2 + 1)2. So, 2p, p2-1 and p2+1 forms a Pythagorean triplet.
Example
Write a Pythagorean triplet having 22 as one its member.
Solution:
Let 2p = 6
P = 3
p2 + 1 = 10
p2 – 1 = 8.
Thus, the Pythagorean triplet is 6, 8 and 10.
62 + 82 = 102
36 + 64 = 100
Square Roots
The square root is the inverse operation of squaring. To find the number with the given square is called the Square Root.
22 = 4, so the square root of 4 is 2
102 = 100, therefore square root of 100 is 10
There are two square roots of any number. One is positive and other is negative.
The square root of 100 could be 10 or -10.
Symbol of Positive Square Root
Finding Square Root
1. Through Repeated Subtraction
As we know that every square number is the sum of consecutive odd natural numbers starting from 1, so we can find the square root by doing opposite because root is the inverse of the square.
We need to subtract the odd natural numbers starting from 1 from the given square number until the remainder is zero to get its square root.
The number of steps will be the square root of that square number.
Example
Calculate the square root of 64 by repeated addition.
Solution:
64 – 1 = 63
63 – 3 = 60
60 – 5 = 55
55 – 7 = 48
28 – 13 = 15
48 – 9 = 39
15 – 15 = 0
39 – 11 = 28
2. Prime Factorization
In this method, we need to list the prime factors of the given number and then make the pair of two same numbers.
Then write one number for each pair and multiply to find the square root.
Example
Calculate the square root of 784 using prime factorization method.
Solution:
List the prime factors of 784.
784 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 × 7
√784 = 2 × 2 × 7 = 28
3. Division Method
Steps to find the square root by division method
Step 1: First we have to start making the pair of digits starting from the right and if there are odd number of digits then the single digit left over at the left will also have bar .
Step 2: Take the largest possible number whose square is less than or equal to the number which is on the first bar from the left. Write the same number as the divisor and the quotient with the number under the extreme left bar as the dividend. Divide to get the remainder.
Step 3: Like a normal division process bring the digits in next bar down and write next to the remainder.
Step 4: In next part the quotient will get double and we will right in next line with a blank on its right.
Step 5: Now we have to take a number to fill the blank so that the if we take it as quotient then the product of the new divisor and the new digit in quotient is less than or equal to the dividend.
Step 6: If there are large number of digits then you can repeat the steps 3, 4, 5 until the remainder does not become 0.
Example
Calculate the square root of √729 using division method.
Solution:
Thus, √729 = 27.
Square Roots of Decimals
To find the square root of a decimal number we have to put bars on the primary part of the number in the same manner as we did above. And for the digits on the right of the decimal we have to put bars starting from the first decimal place.
Rest of the method is same as above. We just need to put the decimal in between when the decimal will come in the division.
Example
Find √7.29 using division method.
Solution:
Thus, √7.29 = 2.7
Remark: To put the bar on a number like 174.241, we will put a bar on 74 and a bar on 1 as it is a single digit left. And in the numbers after decimal, we will put a bar on 24 and put zero after 1 to make it double-digit.
174. 24 10
Estimating Square Root
Sometimes we have to estimate the square root of a number if it’s not possible to calculate the exact square root.
Example
Estimate the square root of 300.
Solution:
We know that, 300 comes between 100 and 400 i.e. 100 < 300 < 400.
Now, √100 = 10 and √400 = 20.
So, we can say that
10 < √300 < 20.
We can further estimate the numbers as we know that 172 = 289 and 182 = 324.
Thus, we can say that the square root of √300 = 17 as 289 is much closer to 300 than 324.