CBSE Class 5 Science – 5. Food, Health, Hygiene (Notes)

Introduction:

A living beings need food to live and stay healthy.

We get our foods from plants and animals;

Hygiene is an essential component of healthy living and preventing diseases.

 

Food– Those things which we eat to get energy are called food.

Ex-Bread, Rice, Pulses, Snacks etc

Food is essential for our body to develop, replace and repair itself.

Food provides us energy to work and play.

It protects us from diseases and help to recover fast from illness.

 

Balanced diet – A diet which provides all the nutrients in the right amount according to the age, gender and occupation of a person is called balanced diet. 

Food Nutrient – Those substances that provide nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for growth are called nutrients.

 

Different types of food nutrients

          Carbohydrates

          Proteins

          Fats

          Vitamins

          Minerals

          Water

 

Note:No single food contains all the nutrients in the desired quantities so we need to eat balance diet for proper functioning of body.

 

Carbohydrates-The Nutrient which provides energy for the body is called Carbohydrates.

It is called energy giving food.

People like labourers and farmers who do lots of physical work need larger amount of carbohydrates to give them more energy.

Source of carbohydrates:                

Carbohydrates include sugars found naturally in foods such as fruits apples     bananaand grapes.

Carbohydrates found in vegetables like potato and pumpkin.

Carbohydrates found in milk and milk products like cheese, curds, sweets etc.

Whole grain breads and cereals wheat, maize and rice, starchy vegetables and refined sugar.

 

Proteins -The Nutrient which helps us to growth,building of muscles, maintenance and repairs the damage parts of our body is called Proteins.

Notes: Proteins are known as body building food.

Source of proteins:

Proteins include Cheese, Eggs, Milk, Pulses, Soya Beans and Fish.

It is important for the maintenance and repair of the body.

Children require more protein for their growth.

Protein rich foods include meat, fish, cheese, beans, lentils, yogurt, nuts, and seeds.

 

Fat– The energy product which provides more energy than carbohydrates is called fats.  

Fats are also energy producing food.

Source of Fats:-

Fats include oil, butter, nuts, coconut, ghee,    cheese, cream, milk, meat, dry fruits.

Fats also provide energy for the body.

Fats keep our body warm and protect the delicate organs inside the body.

They act as reserve of energy when carbohydrates are not available.

It helps to keep body warm.

Note:

Excess of fat in our diet gets stored in the body and become fat.

Too much of fats is not good for our health.

 

Vitamins -Those Nutrients which help of our body to fight against diseases are called Vitamins.

Vitamin helps to form and maintain healthy teeth, bones and skin.

 It helps to fight against infection and diseases.

 Food rich in vitamins are broccoli, papaya, almonds, sunflower oil, spinach, carrot, pumpkin, orange, beans etc.

 All citrus fruits contain a lot of vitamin ‘c’ that help to fight against infections.

 

Vitamins	Sources
Vitamin A	Milk, carrot, papaya, fish and eggs
Vitamin B	Milk , sprouts , meat and sea food
Vitamin C	Citrus food , gooseberry , and leafy vegetables
Vitamin D	Milk , butter , and whole grains
Vitamin E	Vegetable oil , milk , butter and whole grains
Vitamin K	Soya bean oil, cabbage , spinach and drumstick

 

Minerals – Essential nutrients that are needed in small amounts to keep you healthy are called minerals. Ex- calcium, iron, sodium, potassium etc

The body needs many minerals such as calcium, iron, sodium, potassium and many others.

We need all minerals in to stay healthy in desired quantity.

Our body needs calcium to maintain healthy bones and teeth.

Calcium we get from milk, milk products etc.

Iron is also a mineral which helps in the formation of blood.

Iron rich food includes red meats, dried fruits and green leafy vegetables.

Milk is called a completer food as it provides all types of nutrients.

 

Note: lack of vitamins and minerals lead to deficiency diseases.

 

Water and roughage:

Water –

Our body needs enough water to stay healthy.

Water forms nearly 70% of our body weight.

It is necessary for the proper functioning of the body.

It helps in digestion and removal of wastes from the body.

We lose water through sweating and through urine.

We should drink at least 6 – 8 glasses water every day.

 

Roughage-The fibre present in some food items like fruits and vegetables are called roughage.

Water helps to regulate the body temperature.

It is an important constituent of blood, skin, digestive juices etc. in our body.

Roughage is the indigestible portion of food derived from plants.

It clears our stomach.

It is obtained from fruits, vegetables and the outer covering of cereals and pulses.

Other factors affecting our health:

In addition to these nutrients, our body also needs proper exercise, rest and hygienebe fit and healthy.

 

Health -A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity is called health.

 

 Exercise –The training of the body to improve its function and enhance its fitness is called exercise.

Exercise is necessary to keep our body in good health and shape.

Young children need to exercise more so that their body will grow and develop correctly.

Exercise involves the muscles of the body and makes them strong.

It improves breathingblood circulation, digestion and other physical processes,

 

Different forms of exercises:

Rest

Rest is also as important as the food and exercise. Rest gives us freshness.

A soundsleepprovides rest to the body.

It is important for the brain and nervous system to get resthelps in keeping our mind and body healthy and fresh.

 

Cleanliness

Cleanliness is another way to keep our body healthy.

Daily bath removes the dead skincells, dust, germs, and sweat from our body.

It keeps us fresh. Brushing of teeth perverts tooth-decay.

It makes the food taste well.

 

Diseases– An “illness or sickness characterised by specific signs or symptoms” is called diseases.

The word disease comprises two words dis and ease means ‘not comfortable’.

Itcondition in which some body part or the whole body does not work properly.

Generallydiseases are of two types non-communicable and communicable.

 

Non-communicable Diseases – A disease that is not transmissible directly from one person to another is called Non-communicable Diseases.

OR

Diseases that cannot be passed from one person to another are called non–communicable

Or non contagious diseases.

Some of the non-communicable diseases can be due to deficiency of nutrients in our food.

Some non-communicable diseases are caused by harmful substances present in the environment.

For example, fumes from cars and factories can cause diseases of the lungs and heart.

Non communicable diseases can also be caused by bad habits, such as smoking.

Smoking is a major cause of heart and blood diseases.

 

Deficiency diseases– The diseases due to lack of nutrients (or malnutrition) are called deficiency diseases.

Deficiency diseases can be cured by providing the nutrient in which the patientsdeficient.

Communicable Diseases – A disease that spreads from one person or animal to another is called Communicable Diseases.

Or

The diseases that can spread from one person to another are called communicable or contagious diseases,

Some micro-organisms, like bacteria, virus and fungi etc. are present in air, water of our food.

They cannot be seen with naked eyes.

The uncovered food or water may contain them.

These disease causing micro-organisms called germs cause communicable diseases.

Certain flies and mosquitoes also spread some diseases.

The flies sit on dirty places, fly to the uncovered food and bring germs with them

 

Some common communicable diseases are mentioned in the following table:

Disease	Disease caused by	Source
Cholera	Bacteria	Food, water and flies
Typhoid	Bacteria	Food and water
Polio	Virus	Air
Malaria	Protozoa	Mosquito
Dysentery	Protozoa	Food and water
Jaundice	Bacteria	Polluted water
Digestive disorders	Tape worm/round worm	Food ,water and soil
Dengue fever	Virus	Air
Aids	Virus	Infected syringe or blood, fromexpecting mother to her baby and through physical contacts

 

Note – Diseases like common cold, chicken-pox, measles, whooping cough, tuberculosis (TB) or skin diseases are caused by the contact with a sick person through sneezing, coughing or by using things of sick people.

 

Prevention of Communicable Diseases:

Communicable diseases are caused by germs. So it is necessary to check the growth ofgerms by taking proper precautionary measures.

The house should be disinfected. It should have good ventilation and open space.

Drinking water should be clean and pure.

Water purifiers or filters should be used to clean the water.

The area around your home should be neat and clean so that neither flies nor mosquitoes can breed there. Water should not be stagnate in puddles around the home,

Drains should be kept covered.

Children should be vaccinated properly against diseases.

 

Hygiene – Any practice or activity that you do to keep things healthy and clean is called hygiene.

Health and hygiene are closely associated to each other.

The word ‘hygiene includes cleanliness of the body and the surroundings in which one lives.

Personal hygiene helpspreventing diseases.

 

Maintaining Good Health and Hygiene:

For maintaining personal hygiene and good health one should follow the instructions given below:

We must clean our body withsoap and water to remove dustdead cells and germs on thebody

We must wash our handsthoroughly with soap andwater after urination, usingtoilet, handling pats andtouching any foreign object.

We must brushour teeth atleast twice aday Brushingremoves the foodparticles stuckon the teeth andprevents germsto attack theteeth.

In the kitchen, all food items whethercooked or uncooked should be coveredand kept at height.

Kitchen should be freefrom pests, insects or and other infectiouscreatures.