Manufacturing – Production of goods in large quantities after processing the raw materials into more valuable products is called manufacturing.
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Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products of the conversion of primary products into more refined and usable form is known as manufacturing.
The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries.
Importance of manufacturing:
Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture; which forms the backbone of our economy.
Apart from this, manufacturing industries also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income.
This becomes possible because of creation of new jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
Industrial development helps in eradication of unemployment and poverty.
Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
A country with high level of manufacturing activities becomes prosperous.
Industrialisation plays a vital role in the economic development of a country –
Modernise agriculture:
Industries help in modernising agriculture & they also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agriculture income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sector.
Utilisation of Natural Resources:
Utilisation of huge volume of natural resources has become possible with the development of industries in the country.
Balanced Sectorial Development:
Growth of Industrialisation in the country can attain balanced sectoral development and it can reduce the too much dependence of the economy on the agricultural sector.
Enhanced Capital Formation:
Increasing volume of investment in industries has led to enhancement in the rate of capital formation in the country.
Increase in National Income and Foreign Exchange:
Organised and unorganised industries are jointly contributing a good portion of the total national income of the country.
Increase in Job Opportunities:
It increases the job opportunities for a large section of the population of the country.
Contribution of Agriculture to Industry:
Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other.
They move hand in hand.
Agriculture provides raw material to industry such as Jute, Cotton etc.
It also act as a source of capital formation which can be utilized in industry.
It provides food to the industrial worker.
It provides good market to the industrial products.
Contribution of Industry to Agriculture:
Industry provides inputs to the agriculture such as fertilizers, pesticides,
It provides infrastructural facilities to the industry.
It reduces the pressure on agriculture.
Industry provides processed products to the agriculture.
It also increases the market value of agriculture products.
Contribution of Industry to the National Economy:
The industries contribute 27% to the GDP of which 17% is the share of manufacturing sector and 10% for mining, quarrying, electricity and gas.
The share of manufacturing sector in the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) has been stagnant at 17% over the last two decades.
This is much lower in comparison to some East Asian economies where it is 25 to 35%.
The growth of the manufacturing sector had been 7% in the last decade.
Since 2003, the growth rate has been 9 to 10% per annum.
The desired growth rate over the next decade is 12%.
The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been set with the objectives of improving productivity through proper policy interventions by the government and renewed efforts by the industry.
Industrial location:
The key to decision of the factory location is the least cost. Government policies and specialised labour also influence the location of industry.
Availability of raw material:
It is the major factor affecting the location of the industry.
Agro based industry will be located in agriculture dominating areas where as mineral based-industry will be located in the mineral dominating areas.
Power:
Power can be transmitted but those industries which consume large quantities of power are located near the source of power.
Labour:
Labour intensive industries mostly concentrate in densely populated areas.
Transport:
Transport system helps in the movement of goods and raw material.
Market:
Nearness to market is essential for quick disposal of manufactured goods and for purchasing raw material.
It reduces the cost of transportation.
Government Policies:
Government activity in planning the future distribution of industries, for reducing regional disparities, elimination of pollution of air and water for avoiding their heavy clustering in big cities has become an important location factor.
Agglomeration of economies:
Industrialization and urbanization go hand in hand.
Cities prove markets and services such as banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial adviser, etc to the industry.
Many industries tend to come together to make use of advantages offered by the urban centres are called agglomeration economies.
Gradually they turn into large industrial agglomeration.
E.g. Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai where most of the industries were located even before independence due to the facilities of overseas trade.
Classification of the industries:
On the basis of source of raw material:
Agro based industries – Those industries which obtain raw material from agriculture is called Agro based industries. E.g. Cotton textile, Jute textile, Sugar etc
Mineral based industries – The industry that receives raw material from minerals is called Mineral based industries. E.g. Iron and steel industry, aluminium and cement industry.
According to their main role:
Basic or key industries – Those industries that supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods, is called basic industries
Which supply their products manufacture other goods e.g. Iron & Steel, Copper Smelting, Aluminium or raw material to Smelting.
Consumer industry – Industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers, that means the finished goods by this industry can be directly used by consumers is called Consumer industry.
Consumer industries convert raw material or primary products into commodities which are directly used by the people.
E.g. cotton textile, sugar industry, vegetable oil, toothpaste, paper, sewing machine etc.
On the basis of capital investment:
Large scale industry – Those industries that are having huge infrastructure, raw material, high manpower requirements and large capital requirements is called large scale industry.
Employs a large number of labours.
Huge investment i.e. more than 1 crore is involved in large scale industry.
Small scale industry – Those industries in which the manufacturing, production and rendering of services are done on a small or micro scale is called Small scale industry.
Employs a small number of labours.
Small investment i.e. maximum 1 crore rupees are invested.
On the basis of ownership:
Private sector industries – Those industries which owned and operated by individuals or firms is called Private sector industries. Such as Bajaj Auto Ltd., TISCO, Dabur, etc
Public sector industries – those Industries owned and operated by the government agencies is called Public sector industries. E.g. BHEL, SAIL, Durgapur Steel Plant, etc
Joint sector industries – Those industries owned jointly run by the state and private firms is called Joint sector industries. Such as Gujarat Alkalies Ltd. or Oil India Ltd (OIL)
Co-Operative sector industries – Those industries owned and run cooperatively by a group of people which are generally producers of raw materials of the given industry is called Co-Operative sector industries. E.g. sugar mill in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala
On the basis of weight of raw material and finished goods:
Heavy industries – Industries which use heavy and bulky raw materials and produce products which are heavy and bulky are called heavy industry. E.g. Iron & steel industry
Light industries – The industry which uses light raw material and produce light finished product is called Light industries. E.g. Electrical industries
Agro based industries:
Textile industry – An industry is primarily concerned with the design, production and distribution of yarn, cloth and clothing is called textile industry.
It contributes significantly about 14% to the industrial production.
About 4% to the GDP.
It provides employment to about 35 million persons.
It is the only industry which is self-reliant in the complete value chain i.e., from raw material to the highest value added product.
Earns foreign exchange (about 24.6%)
Do you know?
The first successful textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854.
The two world wars were fought in Europe, India was British colony.
There was a demand for cloth in U.K.
Hence, they gave a boost to the development of the cotton textile industry.
Cotton textiles:
In ancient India, cotton textile was produced with hand spinning and hand loom weaving techniques.
As on November 2011, there were 1946 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in the country.
About 80 percent of these are int he public and cooperative sector.
The industry provides a source of livelihood to farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing.
This industry supports many other industries; like chemical and dyes, mill stores, packaging materials and engineering works.
Spinning still continues to be centralized in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.
However, weaving is highly decentralized and there are many weaving centres in the country. India exports cotton yarn to Japan.
Cotton goods are also exported to USA, UK, Russia, France, East European countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka and African countries.
At around 34 million, India has the second largest installed capacity of spindles in the world; after China.
India accounts for one fourth of the world trade in cotton yarn.
However, India’s share in garment trade in the world is only 4%.
Our spinning mills are globally competitive and can use all the fibres we produce.
But the weaving, knitting and processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn produced in the country.
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Production of fabric in India by various sectors
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Sector
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Share of production
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Loomage
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Mills
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6%
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1.33 lakh
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Powerloom
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54.17%
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14 lakh
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Handloom
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23%
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NA
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Location of Cotton Textile Industry:
This industry was earlier concentrated in the cotton belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Availability of raw materials, port facilities, transport, labour, moist climate, etc. were in favour of these locations.
Factors responsible for the high concentration of cotton mills in Maharashtra & Gujarat:
Climate:
Humid climate is essential for this industry because thread does not break so frequently.
Transportation:
This help in the import of machinery and long staple cotton.
Power:
Cheap hydroelectricity is readily available from the nearby areas.
Raw material:
The black cotton soil provided cotton as the basic raw material.
A Cheap labour:
They have high density of population so both skilled and unskilled labour is available in large number.
Market:
There is ready market for Mumbai product both in India and abroad.
Capital:
Mumbai is a great commercial and financial centre of India.
So capital which is required is easily available.
Problems of Indian cotton textile industry:
Problems of raw material:
The industry faces the problems of building up a regular supply of its raw material.
Problem of power:
Frequent power cuts and load shedding had affected the industry badly.
Outdated machinery and need for modernisation:
The mill sector has been working with obsolete machinery.
The problem of replacement of outdated of machinery and modernisation have become really acute.
High cost and competition in foreign market:
It has been facing increasing competition in the world market wih synthetic fibres.
This is largely due to low productivity and high cost and high prices of Indian cotton textile.
Do you know?
India has the second largest installed capacity of spindles in the world with 43.13 million spindles (2011-12) after China.
After Partition in 1947, the jute mills remained in India but three-fourth of the jute producing area went to Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan).
Yarn is sold at Rs. 85 per kg. If it is sold as a trouser it fetches Rs 800 per kg. Value is added at every stage from fibre to yarn to fabric and to garment.
Jute industry :
India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods in the world.
It is the second largest exporter of jute; after Bangladesh.
There were about 80 jute mills in India in 2010-11.
Most of the 70 jute mills in India are located in West Bengal; mainly along the bank of Hooghly.
The jute industry is in a narrow belt which is 98 km long and 3 km wide.
First jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1859 at Rishra.
Importance of the Industry:
It is a labour intensive industry so it provides employment to the people.
Jute products are the major items of exports.
India is the second largest exporter of jute products.
It accounts for more than 20 % of the total export earnings.
Factors responsible for the location Jute industry in Hugli basin are:
Proximity of the Jute producing areas.
Inexpensive water transport.
Supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills.
Abundant water for processing raw jute.
Cheap labour is available there.
Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of Jute goods.
Problems or challenges faced by the Indian Jute Industry:
Problem of raw material
International competition from synthetic substitutes and other international competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Egypt, Thailand and Phillipines.
Less Demand.
High Prices.
Steps taken by Indian government to improve the markets of Jute:
Internal demand has been increased due to the government policy in which use of jute packaging make mandatory for sugar.
In 2005 National Jute policy was formulated with the objective of increasing productivity, improving quality, ensuring good prices to the jute farmers and enhancing the yield per hectare.
The products are being diversified to increase the demand of jute.
The growing global concern for environment friendly biodegradable materials has opened opportunities for jute products again.
Market:
The main markets are U.S.A., Canada, Russia, UK. United Arab Republic and Australia.
The growing global concern for environment friendly, biodegradable material, has once again opened the opportunity for jute products
Sugar industry – A industry that subsumes the production, processing and marketing of sugars is called Sugar industry.
Importance of the sugar industry:
India is the second largest producer of sugar in the world.
It is the largest producer of gur and khandsari.
There are over 460 sugar mills in the country.
They are spread over Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh.
It ranks as the third largest industry in terms of its contribution to the net value added by manufacture.
It is also an important source of excise duty for the central govemment.
60% sugar industries are located in UP & Bihar.
This industry is seasonal and hence is more suited to the cooperative sector.
In recent years, there has been a growing tendency to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states; especially in Maharashtra.
The cane produced in this region has higher sucrose content.
The cooler climate of this region ensures a longer crushing season.
Distribution:
UP, Bihar, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat etc.
Factors for location:
The sugar industry is established in areas of sugar cultivation because:
Its raw material is heavy and perishable.
Sugarcane cannot be stored for long as the loss of sucrose is inevitable.
It cannot be transported over long distances because it may dry on the way.
Major challenges:
Seasonal nature of the industry so it is ideally suited to the cooperative sector.
Old and inefficient method of production.
Delay in transportation. Need to maximize the use of baggage (waste).
Difference between the Sugar Industry of Northern India and Peninsular India:
Climate:
It is a tropical crop Peninsular India has tropical climate which gives higher yield per unit area as compared to north India.
Higher sucrose:
The sucrose content is also higher in tropical variety sugarcane in the south.
Long crushing period
It is also much longer in the south than in the north.
Better management:
The co-operative sugar mills are better managed in South India than in the North India.
Mineral based industries:
Iron and Steel Industry:
Iron is required for making machineries for all other industries hence it is the basic industry.
Due to this, production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s development.
India is 9th among the world crude steel producers and produces 32.8 million tons of steel.
India is the largest producer of sponge iron. But per capita consumption of steel is only 32 kg per annum.
Basic industry – Those industries that supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods, is called basic industries
It is the basic industry since the other entire industries-heavy, medium and light, depends on it for their machinery.
Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence material, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.
Heavy industry – An industry that involves one or more characteristics such as large and heavy products is called Heavy industry.
It is a heavy industry because all the raw material as well as finished goods is heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation cost.
Iron ore, coking coal and lime stone are required in the ratio of approximately 4:2 1.
Some quantities of manganese are also required to harden the steel.
India ranks fourth among the world crude steel producers.
It is the largest producer of sponge Iron.
In 2014, per capita consumption of steel per annum is only 60 kg against the world average of 217 kg.
Mini steel plants are smaller, have electric furnaces use steel scrap and sponge iron – They have re-rollers that use steel ingots as well.
They produce mild and alloy steel of given specifications.
China is the largest producer and largest consumer of steel in the world.
There are 10 primary integrated and many steel plants in India. Located at:
Burnpur and Durgapur in West Bengal, Bokara and Jamshedpur in Jharkhand, Bhilai in Chattisgarh, Rourkela in Odisha, Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh (port based), Vijaynagar and Bhadravati in Kamataka, Salem in Tamil Nadu.
All public sector undertakings market their steel through, Steel Authority of India India Ltd. (SAIL) while TISCO markets its produce through Tata Steel.
Chota Nagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel Industries because:
Low cost of iron ore
High grade raw material in proximity
Cheap labour and vast growth potential in the home market.
Problems of Iron and Steel Industry:
Shortage of raw material.
Shortage of power or electricity.
Lower productivity of Labour.
Poor infrastructure
Lower investment in Research and Development.
To improve the production government of India has taken the following steps:
Government has adopted a new economic policy of Liberalisation, Privatisation and globalisation. Government is promoting Foreign Direct Investment in the sector.
Government has launched Duty Exemption Scheme.
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Total finished steel production in India
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Year
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Production (million tonnes)
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1950 – 51
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1.04
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1960 – 61
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2.39
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1970 – 71
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4.64
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1980 – 81
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6.82
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1990 – 91
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13.53
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1997 – 98
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23.40
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2004 – 05
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32.60
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Aluminium Smelting – The process of extracting aluminium from its oxide, alumina is called Aluminium Smelting.
Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India.
Aluminium is often turned into alloy and then used for making various products.
Properly:
It is light, resistant to corrosion; a good conductor of heat, mallable and becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals.
Use:
It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper zinc and lead.
Manufacture of aircraft, utensils and wires.
Location of industry:
There are 8 aluminium smelting plants in the country located in Odisha (nalco and Balco), West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
Bauxite, the raw material used in smelters is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured rock.
Factors responsible for Location of the Aluminium Industry:
Regular supply of electricity at minimum cost.
Assured source of raw material.
Chemicals Industry – The companies that produce industrial chemicals is called Chemicals Industry.
Features:
Fast growing diversifying industry.
Contributes 3% of the GDP.
Third largest in Asia and 12th largest in world in terms of its size.
It is its own largest consumer as basic chemicals undergo processing to produce other chemicals which are used in industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer markets.
It comprises both large scale and small scale manufacturing units.
The industry has two components:
Inorganic chemicals
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals it includes:
Sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives paints, dyes stuffs)
Nitric acid
Alkalies
Soda ash (used to make glass, soap and detergents, paper)
Caustic soda
Organic chemicals it includes:
It includes petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dyestuffs, drugs, and pharmaceuticals.
Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.
Importance of Chemical Industry:
Employment:
It is major source of employment for large number of people.
Foreign exchange:
Export of chemicals and chemical products brings foreign exchange to India.
Reduction of pressure on land;
It reduces pressure on land by providing employment to workers.
Development of agriculture:
It supplies pesticides and weedicides to agriculture to control harmful insects and weeds.
Fertiliser Industry – Companies that represent the entire supply chain from production to distribution to retail, all working together to deliver fertilizer to farmers in a safe, timely, and sustainable manner is called Fertiliser Industry.
Types – The fertiliser industry is centred around the production of :
Nitrogenous fertilisers
Phosphatic fertilisers
Ammonium phosphate
The complex fertilisers which have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P) and Potash (K)
Distribution:
Potash is entirely imported.
India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilisers.
There are 57 fertiliser units manufacturing nitrogenous and complex nitrogeneous fertilisers, 29 for urea and 9 for producing ammonium sulphate as a by producing and 68 other small units produce single superphosphate.
There are 10 public sector undertakings and one in cooperative sector at Hazira in Gujarat under the Fertiliser Corporation of India.
Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala contribute half the fertiliser production.
Other producers are Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.
Cement Industry – The building block of the nation’s construction industry is called cement industry.
Uses:
It is essential for all construction activities, like building houses, roads, factory, bridges etc.
It earns valuable foreign exchange.
Indian cement is exported in East Asia, Middle East, Africa and South Asia.
Distribution:
It requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum, coal and electric power, rail transportation.
The first cement plant was setup in Chennai in 1904.
Decontrol of price and distribution since 1989 and other policy reforms led to the cement Industry to make rapid strides in capacity, process, technology and production
There are 128 large plants and 332 mini cement plants in the country.
Efforts are being made to generate adequate domestic demand and supply in order to sustain this industry.
The industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to the markets in the Gulf countries.
Automobile Industry – All those companies and activities involved in the manufacture of motor vehicles, including most components, such as engines and bodies is called Automobile Industry.
Features:
Automobiles provide vehicle for quick transport of goods services and passengers. e.g. Trucks, Bus, Car etc.
This industry had experienced a quantum juump in less than 15 years.
Foreign Direct Investment brought in new technology and aligned the industry with global development.
At present there are 15 manufacturers of passenger cars and multiutility vehicles of commercial vehicles, 14 of two and three wheelers.
Location:
The industry is located around Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai , Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bangaluru.
After the liberalisation, the coming in of new and contemporary models stimulated the demand for vehicles which led to a healthy growth.
Information technology & electronic industry:
The electronics industry covers a wide range of products including TV sets, transistor sets, telephone exchange, cellular telecom, pagers, computers and many other types of equipment required by the telecommunication industry.
Bangalore has emerged as the electronic capital of India. Others are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.
The major impact of this industry has been on employment generation.
It is encouraging to known that 30 percent of the people employed in this sector are women.
This industry is major foreign exchange earner.
It has helped the growth of service centre.
30% of the employed people are women.
This industry has earned foreign exchange because of fast growing B.P.O sector. (Business Processes Outsourcing).
There has been continuous growth of hardware and software technology which is the key to success of IT industry in India.
Industrial pollution and environmental degradation:
Industries are responsible for four types of pollution:
Air pollution
Land pollution
Water pollution
Noise pollution
Air pollution – The release of pollutants into the air that are detrimental to human health and the planet as a whole is called air pollution.
Causes:
It caused by presence of high proportion of undesirable gases such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
The smoke emitted by the industries pollutes air and water very badly.
Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long term effects. E.g. Bhopal gas tragedy.
Effects:
It adversely affects human health, animals, plants and the atmosphere as a whole.
Control measures:
Particulate matter in air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
Smoke can be reduced by using oil and gas instead of coal in factories.
Water pollution – when harmful substances often chemicals or microorganisms contaminate a stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body of water is called water pollution.
Causes:
It is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluents discharged into rivers.
Paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries let out dyes, detergents acids, salt, soap and heavy metals like lead and mercury, etc into the water bodies.
Fly ash, phospo-gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India.
Effects:
1 litre of waste water discharged by industries pollutes 8 litres of fresh water.
Overdrawing of groundwater by industries is a threat to groundwater.
Aquatic plants and animals are affected adversely.
Control measures:
Minimizing use of water for processing by reusing and recycling.
Harvesting rainwater to meet water requirements.
Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them into rivers and ponds.
Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a threat to ground water resources also needs to be regulated legally
Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in 3 phases:
Primary treatment
This is a mechanical method which involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
Secondary treatment
By biological process
Tertiary treatment
It involves recycling of waste water by biological, physical and chemical processes.
Land pollution– The deposition of solid or liquid waste materials on land or underground in a manner that can contaminate the soil and groundwater is called land pollution.
Causes:
Pumping of wastes from Nuclear power plants
Dumping of wastes like glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, salts and garbage.
Effects:
It ruins the soil and makes it infertile.
Rain water percolates into the soil carrying the pollution underground.
This contaminates the ground water also.
Wastes from Nuclear power plants can cause cancer, birth defects and miscarriages.
Noise pollution– Any disturbing or unwanted noise that interferes or harms humans or wildlife is called noise pollution.
Causes:
Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills make a lot of noise.
Effects:
It leads to irritation and anger.
Causes hearing impairment.
Increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects and a source of stress.
Control measures:
Machinery and equipment can be used and generators can be fitted with silencers.
Machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.
Noise absorbing materials can be used.
Earphones, Earplugs can be used for personal purposes.
Thermal Pollution – The discharge of heated liquid (such as wastewater from a factory) into natural waters at a temperature harmful to the environment is called thermal pollution.
It occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plant is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.
Nuclear pollution – Radioactive waste that left in a nuclear reactor after the fuel has been consumed is called nuclear pollution.
Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear weapon production causes cancer birth defects and miscarriages.
Radioactive waste consisting of objects that have been briefly exposed to radioactivity (as in certain medical tests)
NTPC shows the way:
NTPC is the largest thermal power generating company of India.
A public sector company of was incorporated in the year 1975 to accelerate power development in the countries as a wholly owned company of India
NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India.
It has ISO certification for EMS (Environment Management System) 14001.
The corporation has a pro-active approach for preserving the natural environment and resources like water, oil and gas and fuels in places where it is setting up power plants.
This has been possible through:
Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation.
Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.
Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations.
